Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. Bass101568. Flashcards. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). 1 / 9. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. (A-E). At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. . Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. Long-term responses . Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. . This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. I know most of the people that live here. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. 0.0 / 5. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. Palgrave Communications -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. So when it started we were more like What? J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! But I would not be afraid. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . This undermines decision making processes . ADS Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. ADS The authors declare no competing interests. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. 7. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Match. Risk Anal 32:601615. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. Part of Mrdalshreppur [ municipality ] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all emergency response for rescue. Communications -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population and 57min, despite the errors confusion... 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