Rome gained a dominant position in the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in these wars, and only Greece remained as a power in addition to Rome until Diocletian split the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 286 C.E. [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. Both allowed for the easier movement of troops. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. What was the role of the judicial branch of Roman government? The Roman commander, nevertheless, persisted in throwing troops into the city, and, by seizing the Carthaginian admiral during a parley, induced him to withdraw. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264241, 218201, 149146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. Our main source for information about the Punic Wars is the . [note 8][89][90][91] The invasion initially went well and in 255BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they decided to fight on. She had a powerful navy, a mercenary army, and, through tribute, tariffs, and trade, enough wealth to do as she pleased. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. Unlike Rome, Carthage was a seafaring empire that had much better ships and naval technology. Hannibal kept his oath and devoted his life to defeating Rome. Cato is remembered for his rallying cry, Carthage must be destroyed! which some historians have cited as an early support for genocide. [252], At the end of the war, Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians. License. [note 3][2] Other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions, such as the trireme Olympias. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. ), These elephants were typically about 2.5m (8ft 2in) high at the shoulder and should not be confused with the larger. How did the Roman Republic influence the executive branch in the United States? [115] Evidence of Carthage's financial situation includes their request for a 2,000-talent loan[note 9] from Ptolemaic Egypt, which was refused. Submitted by Joshua J. Hamilcar was surnamed Barca (meaning `lightning') because of his speed in attacking anywhere and the suddenness of the action. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. He led Rome as a dictator when he was asked. While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. To the remonstrances of Carthage the Romans replied with a direct declaration of war, and only withheld their attack upon the formal cession of Sardinia and Corsica and the payment of a further indemnity. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. The Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals surrender. As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. His defiant policy was too popular to be disavowed, however. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. |-|-|-|-| 2 Yet, in . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The only noteworthy feature of the ensuing campaigns is the skillful guerrilla war waged by a new Carthaginian commander, Hamilcar Barca, from his strong positions on Mt. Trade competition led to conflict between social classes. Fall of Carthage. [126], The Mercenary, or Truceless, War began in 241BC as a dispute over the payment of wages owed to 20,000 foreign soldiers who had fought for Carthage on Sicily during the First Punic War. Mago left Iberia for Cisalpine Gaul with his remaining forces. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". Due to ancient Rome being dominated by this architecture affect, other cities have adopted ancient Roman architecture. [64] As novice shipwrights, the Romans built copies that were heavier than the Carthaginian vessels; thus they were slower and less manoeuvrable. [204] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, in 209BC both consuls were killed in a cavalry skirmish. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Second Punic War forced them to abandon Spain and the Third ended Carthage. [256][257] Elements in the Roman Senate had long wished to destroy Carthage and with the breach of the treaty as a casus belli, war was declared in 149BC. What I learned: The Second Punic War is arguably the most famous of the three. When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". The boys grew bigger and stronger. [24] By 264BC Carthage was the dominant external power on the island, and Carthage and Rome were the preeminent powers in the western Mediterranean. [note 11][135][136] Weakened by 30 years of war, Carthage agreed rather than again enter into conflict with Rome. Not the same man as Hasdrubal Barca, one of Hannibal's younger brothers. In either case, the Carthaginians argued that relationships entered into after the signing of the treaty were not covered by it. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. [45] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". The Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Ebro, from which the Carthaginians again failed to expel them. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. To avoid complete humiliation Carthage had no resource but to humiliate its adversary. From which body of water did Rome get fresh water for drinking and agriculture? Further, Hannibal used counter-intelligence to reinforce and spread the rumor that Fabius refused to fight because he was in the pay of the Carthaginians. [158] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia and the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. The Romans were a military people first and foremost. The unresolved strategic rivalry between Rome and Carthage caused the Second Punic War to break out in 218 BC, sparking a major but ultimately unsuccessful revolt within the Carthaginian Empire. Rome's population fell after a famine and a plague. A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. Corrections? In 211BC Rome contained this threat by allying with the Aetolian League, a coalition of Greek city states which was already at war against Macedonia. The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. He struck without warning up and down the coast of Italy destroying Roman outposts and cutting supply lines. [210][211] The siege was marked by the ingenuity of Archimedes in inventing war machines to counteract the traditional siege warfare methods of the Romans. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. He is remembered for expanding and reforming the Roman Republic. The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic. [146] This gave Carthage the silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards, and territorial depth to stand up to future Roman demands with confidence. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. [271][272] Scipio launched a major assault which quickly captured the city's main square, where the legions camped overnight. The boys' mother was murdered by an evil king named Amulius. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. 28 Feb 2023. The majority of Rome's allies in central Italy remained loyal. [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. Pennsylvania State University. In 202 BCE at the Battle of Zama, the Romans are able to decisively beat Hannibal. Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264 to 146 BC. Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. Your email address will not be published. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) As they were far more used to fighting land battles, they devised the clever device of the corvus, a moveable gangplank, which could be attached to an enemy's ship and held in place with hooks. [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. Why did Cicero speak out against Julius Caesar? Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. How is the US government similar to the Roman Republic? [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. It led to the establishment of the Twelve Tables. [40][44] The Gallic cavalry, and possibly some of the Iberians, wore armour and fought as close order troops; most or all of the mounted Iberians were light cavalry. [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Fabius was replaced by Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paulus who threw off caution and led their troops against Hannibal in the region of Apulia. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Which statement best describes educational opportunities in Roman society? The added weight in the prow compromised both the ship's manoeuvrability and its seaworthiness, and in rough sea conditions the corvus became useless; part way through the First Punic War the Romans ceased using it. [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. The Roman Senate stated they considered the preparation of this force an act of war and demanded Carthage cede Sardinia and Corsica and pay an additional 1,200-talent indemnity. It was made up of three hundred patricians who were elected for life. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, 2nd centuryBC marble bust, identified as Scipio Africanus. His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. in Carthage, a powerful city in North Africa that was a threat to the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean. He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. Which statement best describes the physical geography of the Italian Peninsula? Were the Punic Wars good or bad for Rome? Is it possible to pick up an accent as an adult. [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. [247] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. Thank you for your help! Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. Later on the 1203 Words; 5 Pages . [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. Carthage Under SiegeThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. Gauls now joined Hannibal's army in large numbers. Then Romulus founded Rome. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. [184], In the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Lucius Paullus were elected as consuls; both were more aggressive-minded than Fabius. Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy to save their city but Scipio was a great admirer of Hannibal and had studied his tactics carefully. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. [175][176], In early spring 217BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. 5 - Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? The Carthaginians accordingly opened negotiations and consented to a peace by which they ceded Sicily and the Lipari (Eolie) Islands to Rome and paid an indemnity of 3,200 talents. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. In 242 Rome resumed operations at sea. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [169] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause and Hannibal's army grew to 37,000 men. The general population of the Roman society increased, causing lots of "poor plebs" to be present. [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned campaign for the year: an invasion of Africa. Carthage was Phoenician city founded in 814 BC, and the term Punic relates to the Latin and Greek words for Phoenician. This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. These conquests aroused the suspicions of Rome, which in a treaty with Hasdrubal confined the Carthaginians to the south of the Ebro. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. Before the Twelve Tables, which Roman citizens could hold a government office? The ruins of the city lie east of modern Tunis on the North African coast. But wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. They concentrated their efforts on the conquest of Spain rather than trying to drive the Romans out of their former colonies. [198][199], When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. - Rome won each of the Punic Wars and gained control over the western Mediterranean. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale up. 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