After the first 5 normal years of his reign Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten meaning 'living spirit of Aten'. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. But this is incorrect. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Dr. Doom learned Akhenaten's origins, and traveled back in time to slay him before he gained power, but Akhenaten anticipated this and foiled him. 1379 BCE). The Amarna Letters, (correspondence found in the city of Amarna between the kings of Egypt and those of foreign nations) which provide evidence of Akhenaten's negligence, also show him to have a keen sense of foreign policy when the situation interested him. The next year, two of their daughters died, and his mother Queen Tiy died in the 14th year. Several scholars have suggested that a skeleton found in tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings could belong to Akhenaten, because the tomb contained numerous grave goods (including the coffin in which the remains were found) belonging to Akhenaten and other Amarna period figures. The New Kingdom (c. 1570- c.1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history Nefertiti (c. 1370 - c. 1336 BCE) was the wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten Ankhsenamun (born c. 1350 BCE and known as Ankhesenpaaten in youth Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Amun-Ra) is the ancient Egyptian Tutankhamun (also known as Tutankhamen and `King Tut', r. c.1336-c.1327 Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. I feel like its a lifeline. All men had been but drops of water in the great current. Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypt's New Kingdom. Akhenaten (pronounced / k n t n /), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, (Ancient Egyptian: -n-jtn -n-yty, pronounced [u n jatj], meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning c. 1353-1336 or 1351-1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty.Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as . AKHENATON. A> Akhenaten, formerly Amenhotep IV, an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, who was married to Nefertiti, worshiped the Egyptian god Aten, renamed himself, wrote the Hymn to Aten, and, therefore, could be considered one of the first monotheists. Unlike the old gods, he had no carved image hidden in a dark room deep within a temple, but was worshiped out in the light of day. Akhenaten's lack of concern for foreign policy unraveled some of the hard-fought alliances made by his father, Amenhotep III. These deaths greatly affected Akhenaten, causing him to redouble his dedication to Aten and his campaign against the other gods of ancient Egypt. Illustrated Papyri translations edited for the modern reader. Biography of Queen Nefertiti, Ancient Egyptian Queen, Most Important Figures in Ancient History, Dynastic Egypt Timeline - 2,700 Years of Change in Egyptian Society, The Symbolism Behind the Double Crown of Egypt, Pharaoh Thutmose III and the Battle of Megiddo, Egyptian View of Death and Their Pyramids, Old Kingdom: Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom Period, Step Pyramid of Djoser - Ancient Egypt's First Monumental Pyramid, The Ptolemies: Dynastic Egypt From Alexander to Cleopatra, The Kingdom of Kush: Sub-Saharan African Rulers of the Nile, Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenaten's Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna, Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes. He is also known as 'Akhenaton' or 'Ikhnaton' and also 'Khuenaten', all of which are translated to mean 'successful for' or 'of great use to' the god Aten. flashcard sets. Hirst, K. Kris. What is certain, though, is this new religion elevated the Aten to the position of state deity and centered largely on its worship. Akhenatens new approach to religion manifested itself in other facets of Egyptian culture, most notably the artistic sphere. There he learns to walk like an Egyptian beside the future pharaoh, Ramses (Joel Edgerton), until the Hebrews' suffering motivates him to wage a holy war against . Situated at the center of the enormous new city was a giant temple dedicated to Aten. Related Content It is in part due to the tumultuous nature of Akhenatens tenure that this era in Egyptian history, known as the Amarna period, has received so much attention from scholars and the public. 3.3 Transfer of Capital to Akhetaten: Political and Religious Motives. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Akhenaten/. Without Egyptian influence in the region, traditional Egyptian enemies, such as the Hittites, grew in stature and expanded their territory at the expense of Egypt's allies. Plotting to betray and conquer the Cosmic Order, Akhenaten returned to Earth in recent years, proclaiming himself its ruler and slaying opposition, including many superheroes and Godheads of Earthly pantheons. As the pharaoh Amenhotep IV, he came to power during the New . Of course foreigners, in turn, came to live in Egypt, bringing new customs and ideas. Such was the case for Egypt with Pharaoh Akhenaten. 13921292 BCE) continued to tear down the temples, chisel out Akhenaten's name, and bring back the old traditional forms of belief. His odd appearance in representations that he commissioned and his preoccupation with worshiping the sun-disc, or Aten, have stimulated a vast amount of academic discussion and controversy for more than . The previous name of Akhenaten was King Amenhotep IV before the fifth year of his reign and he was also known as Akhenaton. Amenhotep's jubilee didn't celebrate Amun, Ptah, Thoth, or Osiris; there was only one god represented: Re, the sun god. However, he soon showed his hostility for Amun. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In this lesson we explore the reign of Akhenaten, the religiously zealous son of Amenhotep III who tried to initiate a profound shift in Egyptian religion, culture, and governance. Dynasty: 18 Religious Revolution. EA SPORTS teamed up with Marvel to create a custom comic representing 21 unforgettable football legends as Marvel-inspired Heroes befitting the pages of a Marvel comic book. Akhenaten was a pharaoh of Egypt who reigned over the country for about 17 years between roughly 1353 B.C. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Akhenaten ordained new priests, or simply forced priests of Amun into the service of his new monotheism, and proclaimed himself and his queen gods. They had six daughters but no sons; the oldest, Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten, were to become wives of their father. As Dorman (2015) confirms, architectural developments which occurred at this time revolved around the Pharaoh's radical religious . It is believed that it was her influence and power that made Akhenaten king. Akhenaten, also spelled Akhenaton, Akhnaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, Greek Amenophis, king (135336 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the suns disk (hence his assumed name, Akhenaten, meaning beneficial to Aton). The Cast of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever Answer YOUR Questions! His legacy of monotheism, however, if Freud and others are correct, influenced other religious thinkers to emulate his ideal of one true god and reject the polytheism which had characterized human religious belief for millennia. Some historians have praised Akhenaten's reforms as the first instance of monotheism and the benefits of monotheistic belief, but these reforms were not at all beneficial to the people of Egypt at the time. Akhenaten and His Religious-Political Reform By Ji Jank . Elongated, spindly limbs and narrow eyes figure prominently in depictions of the royal family during this period, causing some scholars to wonder whether Akhenaten had a medical condition such as Marfan syndrome. Percy Jackson is a demigod, son of the mortal, Sally Jackson, and the Greek God of the sea, Poseidon. $6.13 11 Used from $4.99 1 New from $19.95 1 Collectible from $14.94. The cult of Aton vanished. Although there is no recorded dissension or push back from the people while the king lived, once he was gone, everything was disassembled. The famous Stele of Akhenaten, depicting the royal family, shows the rays of the Aten touching them all and each of them, even Nefertiti, depicted with the same elongation as the king. The king himself took responsibility for its cosmologically significant master plan. The Karnak colossi in particular show these new characteristics in notably exaggerated form, including one that apparently depicts the king without male genitalia. Sometime around his fourth regnal year, Akhenaten even dispatched agents to erase the names and images of certain gods from existing texts and monuments. Amenhotep IV may have been co-regent with his father, Amenhotep III, and it has been noted that the sun-disk known as the 'Aten' is displayed on a number of inscriptions from this period of the earlier king's reign. Among other things, these state that if he were to die outside of his home city, his body should be brought back and buried in the tomb that was being prepared for him in the eastern cliffs. Akhenaton started his reign as most Egyptian kings. Akhenaten (ca. When Amenhotep IV took the throne in 1352 or 1353 B.C.E., Egypt was arguably the most prosperous and dominant state in the ancient world. What was unique about her was the she was not a Royal, as it was rare for kings . He was the son of Amenhotep III (1386-1353 BCE) and his wife Tiye, husband of Queen Nefertiti, and father of both Tutankhamun (by a lesser wife named Lady Kiya) and Tutankhamun's wife Ankhsenamun (by Nefertiti). King Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) King Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV was the great Egyptian pharaoh for the 18th dynasty for 17 years and died in 1336 B.C. And the same year, Akhenaten became a true fanatic. Akhenaten, the strange pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, banned the worship of these ancient deities and for a brief period, Egypt became monotheistic. Akhenaten's single-minded overhaul of Egyptian religion caused him to withdraw from other matters. Hatshepsut and her successors, such as Tuthmosis III (1458-1425 BCE), employed a balanced approach of diplomacy and military action in dealing with foreign nations; Akhenaten chose simply to largely ignore what happened beyond the borders of Egypt and, it seems, most things outside of his palace at Akhetaten. How did Egyptian art change under Akhenaten? Amarna Letter from Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and the Royal Family Blessed by Aten. In addition, settings became less formal as well. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and Akhenaten's ruthless leadership history and vision for the future made him an ideal candidate. Those 'old tribal deities' of Egypt, however, had encouraged peace, harmony, and the development of one of the greatest ancient cultures the world has ever known. Expert Answer. In 1353 or possibly 1351 BCE, Amenhotep IV ascended to the throne of Egypt. L04: Reading Quiz (Taking this quiz unlocks Lesson 4.2) Due No due date Points 2 Questions 2 Time Limit None Instructions You In 1334 B.C., after a 17 year reign, Akhenaten was abducted by the alien Cosmic Order, who had two millennia before discovered and accessed the vast power of the Heart of the Infinite. Amenhotep IV broke with tradition and held his first sed festival in his second or third year as pharaoh. Akhenaten changed both religion and art in ancient Egypt. Reeves argues that, far from being the idealistic founder of a new . Neighboring kings in the Mediterranean were invited, as were nobles and the general populace. "Akhenaten: Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt." He moved Egypt's capital city from Thebes to the newly built Akhenaten. 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The preponderance of the evidence, both from the Amarna letters and from Tutankhamun's later decree, as well as archaeological indications, strongly suggests that Akhenaten was a very poor ruler as far as his subjects and vassal states were concerned and his reign, in the words of Hawass, was "an inward-focused regime that had lost interest . The king most likely died during his 17th regnal year, as this is the highest date attested for him. He also became estranged from Nefertiti. Instead, Akhenaten began his reign as Amenhotep IV, the son of Amenhotep III. Queen Nefertiti, famous from her portrait bust, is thought to have been an Asian princess from Mitanni. Normally, but by no means always, kings held their first jubilee after they had ruled 30 years. The art Hawass references is another important deviation of the Amarna Period from earlier and later Egyptian eras. Freud recognizes that the cult of Aten existed long before Akhenaten raised it to prominence but points out that Akhenaten added a component unknown previously in religious belief: "He added the something new that turned into monotheism, the doctrine of a universal god: the quality of exclusiveness" (24). Priests of Amun who had the time and resources hid statuary and texts from the palace guards sent to destroy them and then abandoned their temple complexes. To those who came after him in Egypt, however, he was the 'heretic king' and 'the enemy' whose memory needed to be eradicated. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street, New York, 10028-0198. The fourth temple built at Karnak in the 4th year of his reign, called Hutbenben "the Temple of the benben stone," is the earliest example of the revolutionary style of the new pharaoh. Amenhotep III's heir was to be his eldest son, Thutmosis, but when he died unexpectedly, Amenhotep IV was made heir and at one point co-regent to his father for perhaps the last two or three years of his reign. He moved his capital from Thebes to a place now called Tell el-Amarna or Amarna, more than 200 miles (300 km) north, on a desert bay on the east side of the Nile River. Near the main precinct of the god Amon at Karnak, he founded several new temples dedicated to Re-Harakhte, who was now provided with a lengthy epithet placed in two royal cartouches and was described as the light which is in the suns disk (aton). Moreover, the new god, Aton, was no longer portrayed in anthropomorphic form but as the suns disk itself, elevated to the heavens and extending its multiple rays down over the royal family. In fact, Akhenaten was unknown in Egyptian history until the discovery of Amarna in the 19th century CE. The pharaoh later erased the names of other gods from temples; the reason is unclear. Wood engraving, published in 1879. Stela of AkhenatenOsama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright). The period surrounding this Egyptian kings reign was characterized by social, political and religious upheaval - the likes of which few cultures ever experience. Last modified April 17, 2014. Freud quotes from James Henry Breasted, the noted archaeologist, that: It is important to notice that his name, Moses, was Egyptian. Mark, Joshua J.. Much has been written about this compelling, controversial pharaoh whose appearanceelongated and effeteis totally at odds with that of the traditional Egyptian ruler. Akhenaten is most well-known as being a spiritual enthusiast and instigator of revolution within the . Akhenaten did not become Akhenaten until later in his reign. Tutors may have included the Egyptian high priest Parennefer (Wennefer); his uncle, the Heliopolitan priest Aanen; and the builder and architect known as Amenhotep son of Hapu. The location chosen for the new capital, named Akhetaton . There were so many temples required that Amenhotep IV's architects invented a new building style to speed things up, using smaller blocks (talatats). The highly anticipated animated series will be available February 15 on Disney+, following the February 10 premiere on Disney Channel. Thank you! The local princes, who had been loyal to Egypt, no longer saw any advantage in trading with Egypt. [Akhenaten] carried out a religious revolution the like of which had never been seen before in Egypt. Step Two was enacted when he sent his workers to remove all . Get the latest news, original content, and special offers from Marvel. After a brutal reign of 17 years, Akhenaten died and his successorwho may have been Nefertitiimmediately but slowly began dismantling the physical elements of Akhenaten's religion. Later Egyptian historians would refer to him only as the heretic king.. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. in history and taught university and high school history. This would mark the beginning of the dramatic changes Akhenaten would make to religion in Egypt. When Amenhotep IV took the throne in 1352 or 1353 B.C.E . By the time of Amenhotep IV, the cult of Amun owned more land than the king. But uncertainties surround his demise. Ultimately, Akhenaten 's contribution to Egyptian religion was a failure; his transformation of religion, while initially successful, proved too radical for the Egyptian population show more content. Chris has an M.A. In one of the surrounding walls was cut the "Window of Appearances," where Akhenaten and Nefertiti could be seen by his people. Amenhotep III ruled over a land whose priesthood, centered on the god Amun, had been steadily growing in power for centuries. The introduction of Akhenaten's monotheistic views attributed to the decline of the Egyptian empire during his reign in the 18th dynasty. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. The pharaoh Akhenaten worshiped only the sun god, Aten. Their modern interest comes partly from his connection with Tutankhamun, partly from the unique style and high quality of the . Some of the most famous pharaohs come from this period. Instead, Akhenaten began his reign as Amenhotep IV, the son of Amenhotep III. Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar Egyptian religious context. Create your account. The scenes, reconstructed from thousands of individual talatat blocks, portray the royal couple and their eldest daughter, Meritaton, engaged primarily in making offerings to the Aton, although scenes of offering-bearers, cattle designated for slaughter, foreigners in obeisance, and detailed depictions of the royal palace are also abundant. Amenhotep III's adoration of Aten had been in part political; the priests of the previously most-followed god, Amen-Re, had grown quite powerful in 14th-century Egypt. Akhenaten (1367-1350 B.C.) 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